Ground subsidence and heave over permafrost: hourly time series reveal interannual, seasonal and shorter-term movement caused by freezing, thawing and water movement

Heave and subsidence of the ground surface can offer insight into processes of heat and mass transfer in freezing and thawing soils.Additionally, subsidence is an important metric for monitoring and understanding the transformation of permafrost landscapes under climate change.Corresponding ground observations, however, are sparse and episodic.A si

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